Solid state switch

Solid state switching circuit design to increase current capacity of low rated relay contact

Extremality conditions for isolated and dynamical horizons

A maximally rotating Kerr black hole is said to be extremal. In this paper we introduce the corresponding restrictions for isolated and dynamical horizons. These reduce to the standard notions for Kerr but in general do not require the horizon to be either stationary or rotationally symmetric. We consider physical implications and applications of these results. In particular we introduce a parameter e which characterizes how close a horizon is to extremality and should be calculable in numerical simulations.Comment: 13 pages, 4 figures, added reference; v3 appendix added with proof of result from section IIID, some discussion and references added. Version to appear in PR

Fundamental properties and applications of quasi-local black hole horizons

The traditional description of black holes in terms of event horizons is inadequate for many physical applications, especially when studying black holes in non-stationary spacetimes. In these cases, it is often more useful to use the quasi-local notions of trapped and marginally trapped surfaces, which lead naturally to the framework of trapping, isolated, and dynamical horizons. This framework allows us to analyze diverse facets of black holes in a unified manner and to significantly generalize several results in black hole physics. It also leads to a number of applications in mathematical general relativity, numerical relativity, astrophysics, and quantum gravity. In this review, I will discuss the basic ideas and recent developments in this framework, and summarize some of its applications with an emphasis on numerical relativity.Comment: 14 pages, 2 figures. Based on a talk presented at the 18th International Conference on General Relativity and Gravitation, 8-13 July 2007, Sydney, Australi

Energy-weighted density matrix embedding of open correlated chemical fragments

We present a multi-scale approach to efficiently embed an ab initio correlated chemical fragment described by its energy-weighted density matrices, and entangled with a wider mean-field many-electron system. This approach, first presented in Phys. Rev. B, 98, 235132 (2018), is here extended to account for realistic long-range interactions and broken symmetry states. The scheme allows for a systematically improvable description in the range of correlated fluctuations out of the fragment into the system, via a self-consistent optimization of a coupled auxiliary mean-field system. It is discussed that the method has rigorous limits equivalent to existing quantum embedding approaches of both dynamical mean-field theory, as well as density matrix embedding theory, to which this method is compared, and the importance of these correlated fluctuations is demonstrated. We derive a self-consistent local energy functional within the scheme, and demonstrate the approach for Hydrogen rings, where quantitative accuracy is achieved despite only a single atom being explicitly treated.Comment: 14 pages, 8 figure

Horizon energy and angular momentum from a Hamiltonian perspective

Classical black holes and event horizons are highly non-local objects, defined in terms of the causal past of future null infinity. Alternative, (quasi)local definitions are often used in mathematical, quantum, and numerical relativity. These include apparent, trapping, isolated, and dynamical horizons, all of which are closely associated to two-surfaces of zero outward null expansion. In this paper we show that three-surfaces which can be foliated with such two-surfaces are suitable boundaries in both a quasilocal action and a phase space formulation of general relativity. The resulting formalism provides expressions for the quasilocal energy and angular momentum associated with the horizon. The values of the energy and angular momentum are in agreement with those derived from the isolated and dynamical horizon frameworks.Comment: 39 pages, 3 figures, Final Version : content essentially unchanged but many small improvements made in response to referees, a few references adde

Effect of Pylon Wake with and Without Pylon Blowing on Propeller Thrust

Pylon trailing edge blowing was investigated as a means of alleviating the effects of the pylon wake on a pusher arrangement of an advanced single-rotation turboprop. Measurements were made of steady-state propeller thrust and pylon wake pressures and turbulence levels with and without blowing. Results show that the pylon trailing edge blowing practically eliminated the pylon wake, significantly reduced the pylon wake turbulence, and had a relatively small effect on the steady-state propeller thrust. The data are presented with a minimum of analysis

Worker heterogeneity, new monopsony, and training

A worker's output depends not only on his/her own ability but also on that of colleagues, who can facilitate the performance of tasks that each individual cannot accomplish on his/her own. We show that this common-sense observation generates monopsony power and is sufficient to explain why employers might expend resources on training employees even when the training is of use to other firms. We show that training will take place in better-than-average or ‘good’ firms enjoying greater monopsony power, whereas ‘bad’ firms will have low-ability workers unlikely to receive much training

Stationary untrapped boundary conditions in general relativity

A class of boundary conditions for canonical general relativity are proposed and studied at the quasi-local level. It is shown that for untrapped or marginal surfaces, fixing the area element on the 2-surface (rather than the induced 2-metric) and the angular momentum surface density is enough to have a functionally differentiable Hamiltonian, thus providing definition of conserved quantities for the quasi-local regions. If on the boundary the evolution vector normal to the 2-surface is chosen to be proportional to the dual expansion vector, we obtain a generalization of the Hawking energy associated with a generalized Kodama vector. This vector plays the role for the stationary untrapped boundary conditions which the stationary Killing vector plays for stationary black holes. When the dual expansion vector is null, the boundary conditions reduce to the ones given by the non-expanding horizons and the null trapping horizons.Comment: 11 pages, improved discussion section, a reference added, accepted for publication in Classical and Quantum Gravit

Food-conditioned odour rejection in the late stages of the meal, mediating learnt control of meal volume by aftereffects of food consumption

In a two-bottle choice test, rats drank more of the fluid having a novel odour than that having an odour which had previously been presented in the later part of meals on concentrated maltodextrin solution. Rats are normally more averse to a novel odour than to a familiar odour; therefore, the conditioned reaction to the odour acquired in these circumstances is likely to be an ingestive aversion, rather than merely a lack of preference. Furthermore, this learnt odour rejection was seen only in the second half of the meal, indicating that it is dependent on an ingestion-induced state of repletion. Together then, these observations are evidence that the volume of meals rich in carbohydrate can be controlled by learnt rejection of particular food flavours in the presence of visceral cues specific to repletion (previously dubbed "conditioned satiety"), the only known mechanism by which aftereffects of ingested energy could reduce meal volume

Dimension minimization of a quantum automaton

A new model of a Quantum Automaton (QA), working with qubits is proposed. The quantum states of the automaton can be pure or mixed and are represented by density operators. This is the appropriated approach to deal with measurements and dechorence. The linearity of a QA and of the partial trace super-operator, combined with the properties of invariant subspaces under unitary transformations, are used to minimize the dimension of the automaton and, consequently, the number of its working qubits. The results here developed are valid wether the state set of the QA is finite or not. There are two main results in this paper: 1) We show that the dimension reduction is possible whenever the unitary transformations, associated to each letter of the input alphabet, obey a set of conditions. 2) We develop an algorithm to find out the equivalent minimal QA and prove that its complexity is polynomial in its dimension and in the size of the input alphabet.Comment: 26 page